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Introduction

Invasive alien species (IAS) are a primary threat to global biodiversity, ecosystems, socioeconomic status, agriculture lands and food production. They are causing biodiversity loss, competing and replacing native species, spread of disease, and habitat degradation. They also have an impact on the state economics and the socio-economic of vulnerable communities causing agricultural damage and loss of production, reducing access to water, modifying hydrological systems, destroying infrastructure, and harmfully affecting human health and the tourism sector. IAS transport mechanisms (Pathways and Vectors) are considered as one of the most critical steps in invasion sequence, especially through increasing globalization that facilitates the arrival of IAS to new areas. In our region, watersheds know no physical borders, and act as a natural pathway/vector to IAS spread and their establishment. Hence IAS are spreading from Israel to Palestine and vice versa through these watersheds.